Diagnosis of echinococcosis [hydatidosis] using dot-ELISA

Background: Cystic echinococcosis [CE] is a complex, chronic and neglected disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. The effects of this neglection have a powerful impact in remote rural areas whose population has no chances of being diagnosed and treated correctly without leaving their works and travelling long distances, sometimes taking days to reach the closest medical center. The present study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of purified polyclonal antibody [PAbs] raised against Echinococcus granulosus 50 and 31 kD proteins for detection of circulating hydatid antigen using dot ELISA

Materials and methods: The previous proteins from sheep and camel lungs was purified by ammonium sulfate and caprylic acid. The purified protein injected in Newzealand rabbits to raise specific polyclonal antibodies [pAb] against E. granulosus. Detection of 50 and 31 kD proteins in serum by dot-ELISA gave a sensitivity of 92.9%, a specificity of 95%

Conclusion: Dot-ELISA techniques emerge to be adequately sensitive assays for the diagnosis of human echinococcosis using cathepsin B antigen

Anatomical and surface morphology of hedruris lut- janenses sp. n. [nematoda: hedruridae] from the common marinewater fish lutjanus synagris in Damietta, Egypt

The description and tegumental ultrastructure of nematode Hedruris lutjanenses sp. n. collected from marine Lane Snapper fish Lutjanus synagris Linnaeus, 1758 collected at Manzala Lake, Damietta, Egypt was studied by light and Scanning Electron Microscopy [SEM]. The new species is mainly characterized by that the buccal capsule is surrounded by four pseudolapia; one small and three larger pseudolapia, each one bears a number of papillae arranged irregularly on its surface and the presence of one pair of precloacal papillae and nine pairs of postcloacal ones in males

Fungal biotreatment of agro-industrial wastes for the production of bioethanol in bioreactor

BIOETHANOL production from lignocellulosic feedstocks is considered a promising strategy to increase global production of biofuels without impacting food supplies. This work aimed to evaluate bioethanol production by baker's yeast using a medium containing the hydrolysate of fungal biotreatment of five different lignocellulosic feedstocks with some amendments. The pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks using 5 % w/v NaOH, 1 % v/v H[2]SO[4] and sodium hypochlorite: H[2]O[2][10:1] prior to fungal biotreatment was studied. For bioethanol production, batch, fed-batch [two strategies] and continuous cultivations of baker's yeast on the fungal biotreated rice straw hydrolysate was evaluated in bioreactor. In batch and pulsed fed-batch cultivations, the highest bioethanol concentration, conversion coefficient, bioethanol yield and productivity were [0.41 % v/v, 36.9 % v/w, 36,9 % v/w and 0.114 ml/l/h, respectively], while in fed-batch cultivation with continuous feeding these parameters were [0.45 % v/v, 40 % v/w,. 40.5 v/w % and 0,015 ml/l/h, respectively]. The highest bioethanol concentration [0.52 % v/v] was obtained in continuous culture at dilution rate of 0.03 h[-1]. while conversion coefficient; yield and productivity were 31.2 % v/w, 31.4 % v/w and 0.022 ml/l/h, respectively

Evaluation of lipid-producing yeast for biodiesel production

FUNGAL xylanase and lignin peroxidase enzymes were used as pretreatment for biobleaching of bagasse biopulping treated with mixed culture of Ophiostoma piliferum and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora SS- 33 at 27°C for one week in MV medium as static culture before the pulping with propylene glycol [PG]. Some agricultural wastes such as corn cobs, wheat bran and bagasse powder were used as a sole carbon source for xylanase production. The maximum production of fungal xylanase was attained after 7 days- fermentation period on corn cobs medium at 30°C on rotary shake flasks at 150 rpm. The enzyme production by Trichoderma reesie NRRL 6156 increased 1.17 fold as compared with that obtained by Trichoderma viride NRRL 13034.Using 10.30 IU xylanase/g bagasse biopulp, produced by Trtchoderma reesie NRRL 6156, for 4 h at 50°C was the best xylanase pretreatment which reduced klason lignin% and increased the brightness % of bagasse biopulp. The solid-state HC-LN medium supplemented with tween 60 and veratryl alcohol in addition to 10 grams of bagasse pulp was the best one for lignin peroxidase production by Phanerochaete chrvsosporium NRRL 6361, the enzyme activity of this treatment [77.75 IU/L] was higher than that obtained using semi-solid [47.75 IU/L] and liquid [36.50 IU/L] state, after 6 days incubation period. The optimum lignin peroxidase dose, for the best biobleaching of unbleached bagasse biopulp at 37°C for 8 h was 1.54 lU/g. Using these enzyme pretreatments led to increase the brightness %, breaking length and tear factor 6.7, 18.89 and 12.7 % by xylanase bleached bagasse [XBB] and 8.94 %, 34.92 and 30.82 %, by lignin peroxidase bleached bagasse [LBB], respectively. The enzyme treatment of LBB and XBB led to decrease of chlorine consumption 40% and 26.67 % as compared to control. Scanning electron microscope [SEM] of bleached bagasse pulp clearly showed fiber that exposed to enzymes treatment had a more open surface and it becomes more accessible to subsequent bleaching agents. The biologicaly pretreatment of bagasse pulp with xylanase orlignin peroxidase enzymes led to increase in the crystallinty by 11.29 and 8.3 %, respectively

Volatile compounds and antioxidant activity of the aromatic herb Anethum graveolens

Anethum graveolens L. [dill] [Apiaceae] is one of the most popular culinary herbs in the world. Dill has been cultivated since ancient times, and the use of this plant for medicinal and consumption purposes has been recorded dating back to the Greek and Egyptian civilizations. Dill is widely used to give flavor to food. The aim of this work was to assess the chemical composition of the volatile compounds in dill as well as their hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activity against free radicals generated by paracetamol. The chemical composition of the volatile compounds of dill was assessed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Four groups of rats were used [the normal control group, the A. graveolens-supplemented group, the paracetamol-intoxicated group, and the A. graveolens-protected group] for studying the effect of plant infusion on panadol [paracetamol]-induced free radicals and hepatotoxicity. Plasma total antioxidant capacity, plasma catalase, cellular glutathione peroxidase, plasma total protein, albumin, alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphate, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin levels were determined. In addition, kidney functions [plasma urea and creatinine] and histopathological and histochemical changes in the liver were investigated. The phytochemical results identified volatile components 7-alpha-hydroxy manool [24.43%], l-carvone [14.28%], limonene [13.9%], epi-alpha-bisabolol [6.81%], alpha-terpinene [5.44%], and alpha-phellandrene [4.63%] as the main constituents. p-Cymene [2.13%], sabinene [1.98], and alpha-pinene [1.43%] were determined as the minor constituents. The biochemical results showed that a mega dose of paracetamol induced the production of free radicals, which caused damage to hepatocytes and nephrocytes in rats. The aqueous extract of dill revealed high antioxidant properties and acted as an extracellular neutralizer of free radicals. Histopathological and histochemical observations showed severe damage in the liver. Supplementation with dill in paracetamol-intoxicated rats attenuated the damage to the liver. The present study revealed that A. graveolens has antihepatotoxic properties that could minimize the deleterious effects generated by hepatotoxin paracetamol, and therefore it can be used as a potent antihepatotoxic agent

Formulation and in-vivo study of ketoprofen tablets prepared using chitos an interpol ymer complexes

The application of interpolymer complexes [IPCs] for oral controlled drug delivery systems was tested between chitosan and various anionic polymers viz sodium alginate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and pectin. The prepared IPCs were investigated using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, Ketoprofen tablets were prepared using the polymers alone, physical mixtures of chitosan with sodium alginate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose or pectin in different ratios; 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1, and the corresponding IPCs. In-vitro release studies were carried out in two dissolution media; 0.1 N HCl ofpH 1.2 and phosphate buffer ofpH 7. 4. It was found that, chitosan - sod. carboxymethylcellulose 1PC tablets showed more controlled drug release compared to that containing chitosan - sodium alginate and chitosan -pectin IPCs. The dissolution rate from tablets prepared using physical mixtures of polymers were found to be dependant on the interaction between chitosan and each of the anionic polymers in the physical mixtures, their ratios and pH of the dissolution medium. Tablets prepared using chitosan - sod. carboxymethylcellulose physical mixture 1:1 and chitosan - sod. carboxymethylcellulose IPC were selected for the in-vivo study using albino rabbits. The results showed a lower peak plasma concentration and marked controlled release effect of drug in tablets containing the physical mixture compared to that of the IPC and the control tablets

Infestation status of Aega psora [Linnaeus, 1758] [Isopoda, Cymo-thoidae] skin parasite of the marine fish, Sardine [Sardinella gibbosa] of Port Said Mediterranean Coastal Zone, Egypt

An isopod parasite of family Aegidea was collected from marine fish, Sardinella gibbosa [new hosts] over 2-years period from 2007 to 2008. The fish hosts were captured in the coastal waters of Port Said, Egypt. The Cymothoa sp. and Aega sp. were only collected from skin of the new host, Sardinella gibbosa, and described on the basis of female specimens. The morphological characteristics of were discussed in details. Comparing the present specimens with the previously reported Aega sp. showed that the present material belongs to the type species of the genus: Aega psora [Linnaeus, 1758]. Monthly and seasonal patterns in infestation rates [N==593, W +/- SD [range] =50.09 +/- 3.8 g]. Parasitic specificity and prevalence are given Mean prevalence, P = 24 +/- 5.5 and mean intensity, MI +/- SD =28.44 +/- 16.19 and total number of infestation were estimated 59[10.35]

Optimization of biosurfactant production by bacillus licheniformis isolated from oil contaminated Egyptian soil

Optimal conditions for obtaining elevated biosurfactant production by a local strain of Bacillus licheniformis strain No. 5 were investigated. Modified minimal salt medium, pH 7.0, containing crude oil [1%], urea [2 g/l], KH[2]PO[4] + K[2]HPO[4] [2+2 g/l], MgSO[4] [0.2 g/l], yeast extract [1 g/l], and trace elements solution [0.1%] was found to be the most suitable for growth and emulsifying activity by this bacterium. High biosurfactant production was obtained after incubation for 7 days at 30° C. By providing the previous conditions, the emulsion index [E[24]%] was increased 3-fold as compared to that obtained via growth in the original minimal salt medium. In biorcactor batch culture, an agitation speed of 300 rpm attained the highest microbial growth [1.9 g cell dry weight/l] and an E[24]= 50.90% after 7 clays of incubation. In fed-batch culture, the pulsed addition of crude oil during the first 2 - 3 days of incubation enhanced the emulsification activity by 1.3-fold. The greatest E[24] was obtained using black grain oil [89.09%], followed by that obtained against diesel oil [87.27%]. The highest stability of emulsion index was recorded on diesel oil, which remained stable for 10 days [E[240]= 81.81%]. The biosurfactant showed an almost stable surface activity profile over a wide range of pH values [from 6 to 12]. The maximum emulsification activity was obtained at pH 8. The reduction in E[24] after exposure of the biosurfactant to 121°C for 15 min against diesel oil and toluene was 43.7% and 28.6%, respectively. Chemical analyses of the purified biosurfactant showed that it is a lipoprotein. Significant emulsification activity was detected towards different aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and vegetable oils. The purified biosurfactant contained 41.7% C, 7.4% H and 5.8% N and was comprised of 36.2% proteins, 12.3% lipids and 5.6% carbohydrates

Effect of Egyptian sage extract on antioxidant activity, hypercholesterolemia and bone calcification in the tibia of rats

Osteoporosis [major public health problem in the aging society] has been linked with arteriosclerotic vascular diseases characterized by hypercholesterolemia. Nutrition may appear as an alternative strategy for optimizing health skeleton instead of traditional therapies by hormone replacement treatment which increases the risk of heart disease and cancers. Phytochemicals with antioxidative properties that may act against hypercholesterolemia and positive in the prevention of osteoporosis. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of sage leaves aqueous extract on hypercholesterolemia and bone calcification in rats. Sage leaves aqueous extract was prepared by infusion of leaves in hot water, separation of its volatiles and identification using GC/MS and evaluation the radical scavenging activity of sage aqueous extract by ESR. Three groups of rats were used, group 1 to serve as control, group 2 was fed on diet rich with cholesterol and the third group was fed on diet rich in cholesterol and treated with sage leaves aqueous extract. The experiment continued for 6 weeks. The plasma total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], HDL-C, LDL-C, urea, creatinine, blood hemoglobin, and enzymes activities of transaminases [ALT and AST] were determined. Different minerals [calcium, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus and Ca/P] were assayed spectrophotometrically using atomic absorption. The GC/MS analysis showed that 1,8-cineol [eucalyptol] [22.34%], thujone [16.31%], camphor [16.9%], humulene [7.53%], alpha pinene [5.77%], borneol [4.59%], p-menthol [4.8%], camphene [4.31%] and bornyl acetate [3.16%] were the main volatile compounds of the sage leaves aqueous extract. Sage volatile extract showed significant antioxidant activity in vitro using ESR assay. Daily administration of sage leaves aqueous extract for 6 weeks to Swiss albino rats as drinking water, caused significant declines in the blood levels of triglycerides [TG] [30%], total cholesterol [TC] [10.3%], LDL-C [45%] and increase of HDL-C [81%] and tibial calcium [20%]. This study demonstrates one possible mechanism by which sage leaves aqueous extract which rich in phenolic substances can improve the bone calcification, and acting as hypocholesterolemic agent

Epidemiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in primary school children in Egypt

To assess prevalence and identify subtypes and risk factors of ADHD among primary school children. A total of 635 school children [320 boys and 315 girls] within the primary school in Imbaba [Giza governorate] and 710 children [366 boys and 344] within the two primary schools of Abasia and Shobra in Cairo were interviewed. To identify risk factors for developing ADHD, a control group of school children [who are free of ADHD] of a sample size equal to the number of diagnosed cases were selected according to a simple random sample technique from the list of students at the corresponding study settings. The Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Teacher and Parents Rating Scales; the clinical sheet of psychiatric interview, history and mental state examination for clinical diagnosis of patients; and the ADHD Risk Factors Questionnaire were-used for diagnosis and data collection. Prevalence rates of ADHD among schoolchildren in Giza and Cairo were 6.3% and 8%, respectively. The most prevalent subtype in both study settings was the "combined subtype". ADHD cases comprised significantly more boys than girls. Other significant risk factors for ADHD included a positive family history of mental disorder [p=0.023] and the occurrence of perinatal complications to the mother of the ADHD child [p=0.014]. ADHD is a common mental disorder in Egyptian primary school children in Giza and Cairo. It affects more boys than girls. The combined subtype is the most common subtype. Positive family history of mental disorder and perinatal complications constitute significant risk factors for ADHD. School health programs should include screening of primary school children for ADHD. Diagnosed cases should be referred for psychiatric and educational management. Teachers, especially in primary schools should be aware that children with ADHD are not stupid or nasty, who should be helped not punished. Further research is needed to explore the prevalence and epidemiology of ADHD among children and adolescents in different geographical areas of Egypt

Investigation of the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect of the Egyptian guava leaves volatiles

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with many complications which has associated with oxidative stress. The present work aimed to study the protective effect of the Egyptian guava [Psidium guajava L.] leaves aqueous extract on streptozotocin [STZ]-induced diabetic rats and its complementary effects. The volatile compounds of guava leaves aqueous extract were isolated and analyzed by using GC and GC/MS. The total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity were done by Folin-Ciocalteu reaction and thiobarbituric acid [TBA] assay, respectively. Four groups of rats [six rats each] used in this study [control, guava extract supplemented, STZ-diabetic, and protected groups]. Serum glucose level was determine as well as liver function, kidney function, lipid profile, activities of some antioxidant enzymes, blood hemoglobin, and histopathological changes in the liver, kidney and pancreas were investigated. Fifty six components were identified using GC and GC/MS. The main chemical compounds in guava leaves volatile oils were; alpha-pinene [11.77%], epi-alpha-bisabolol [10.85%], 1, 8-cineol [9.22%], 1-epi cubenol [8.56%], globulol [5.88%], thujone [5.35%], hexenal [5.03%] and terpipineol [4.35%]. The Egyptian guava volatile extract exhibited a high antioxidant activity in vitro. Also, the results revealed that administration of aqueous guava extract [1gm/dl] to streptozotocin [STZ] induced diabetic rats for 4 weeks as their only source of fluid, enhanced most of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes activity as glutathione reductase [GR], superoxide dismutase [SOD] and total antioxidant capacity [TAC] and produced a pronounced hypoglycemic effect as well as the amelioration of most of the studied biochemical parameters in STZ-induced diabetic rats, which confirmed by histo-pathological examination of different body organs, The potential antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of guava leaves extract, respectively, are attributed to the presence of relatively high percentage of phenolic compounds [456 +/- 10.4 mg gallic acid equivalent/L] and other active volatile compounds with high antioxidant activity. Egyptian guava aqueous extract is effective in controlling hyperglycemia, reducing diabetic complications arising due to oxidative stress in diabetic rats, improve lipid metabolism as well as amelioration of the associated biochemical parameters

Formulation of site-specific mucoadhesive liquid suppositories as a method to decrease hepatotoxicity in rabbits

Mucoadhesive liquid suppositories containing diclofenac sodium [DS] as a NSAID were prepared using poloxamers as a liquid suppository base. Various formulations composed of different ratios of P407 and P188 [10/20, 15/15, 21/9, 24/6 and 27/3% w/w of P 407/P188] were prepared. The physicochemical characters; the gelation temperature, gel strength and mucoadhesive properties of the prepared suppositories were evaluated and compared with conventional suppositories. The dissolution and pharmacokinetic parameters of DS from such suppositories were also estimated. It was also important to study the histopathological changes in rabbit rectum and liver after administration of liquid and conventional suppositories. The gelation temperatures were 49.5, 45.5, 32.5, 22.5 and 20.5 C for 10/20, 15/15, 21/9, 24/6 and 27/3% w/w of P407/P188, respectively. P407/P188 mixture in the concentration of 21/9%, w/w was selected as the system of choice since it exhibited adequate physicochemical properties. The addition of DS increased the gelation temperature [from 18 to 32.5 C] for 21/9 poloxamer mixture and reduced the gel strength [from 4.03 sec to 3.4 sec] and the mucoadhesive force [from 3.5 to 1.72 x 10[2] dyne/cm[2]]. It was found that the dissolution of DS-loaded poloxamer-based suppositories was significantly higher than that from the conventional suppositories [51.3 versus 26.7%, respectively]. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic study showed that DS-loaded poloxamer-based suppositories gave significantly higher initial plasma concentrations, AUC [70.313 micro g. hr/ml] and C[max] [29.417 micro g/ml] of DS than did conventional suppositories [55.023 micro g. hr/ml and 22 micro g/ml], respectively. Histopathological study of rectal tissues indicated no pathological damage after 6h of rectal administration. The histopathological study of liver tissues revealed that no hepato-cellular damage occurred after 30 days of administration of DS-loaded poloxamer-based suppository; however hepatotoxicity could not be totally avoided by rectal administration of conventional suppositories. DS-loaded poloxamer-based suppository was an effective rectal dosage form with alleviated adverse effects

Studies on the use of coconut powder and coconut cream as milk fat replacer in making 1-Ice cream

Using of coconut powder [CP] and coconut cream [CC] as source coconut fat to replace milk fat in ice cream manufacture at the rate 25,50,75 and 100% were studied. The mean value of acidity, specific gravity, weight per gallon and viscosity were significantly decreased with increasing the replacement level of Cp and CC in ice cream mixes whereas the mean value of freezing point increased. In addition, ice cream made with coconut fat [in both CP and CC] had improved the mean value of whipping ability. The resultant ice cream products had significantly increased the melting resistance and overrun whereas decreased the specific gravity and weight per gallon with using either [CP] or [CC] at all treatment. Sensory scores for ice cream made with 100% [CP] and 75% [CC] gained high flavour, body and texture as compared with control. Fatty acids content of ice cream products had higher caprylic, capric, lauric and myristic acids than those control sample. It could be recommended to use of [CP] and [CC] in manufacturing ice cream products with contributing good quality and health nutritional benefits

Egyptian artichoke volatile compounds: protect against lead-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in male rats

Lead is a widely used chemical for the preparation of a number of industry and household-based products. The toxicity of lead compounds, like all other heavy metals, has been implicated in the etiology of different disorders in humans. The present study was designed to investigate the potential protective effect of Egyptian artichoke against the hepatorenal toxicity of lead in male albino rats. Twenty three compounds were identified as volatile compounds of artichoke with benzeneacetaldehyde and selinene as major constituents, 19.97% and 16.80% respectively. Four groups of rats were used, group 1 to serve as control, group 2 intraperitoneal injected with lead acetate [20 mg/kg B.W], group 3 lead injected rats given artichoke head extract with drinking water [10 g/1 liter] and group 4 lead injected rats given artichoke leaves extract. The experiment continued for 30 days. The plasma total protein, cholesterol, urea and creatinein were determined. The activities of each of Alanine aminotansferase [ALT] aspartate amino transferase [AST], gamma-glutamyltransferase [gamma-GT] were followed. The level of plasma oxidation products of malondialdehyde was estimated. The histopathological changes were examined. Artichoke [leaves or head] co-treatment to the lead - administered rats attenuated the increase of ALT, AST, gamma-GT activities. Also the change in cholesterol, urea, creatinine and protein levels was less marked. The values reported were near to normal. In addition, the morphological damage in the liver and kidney was reduced and the tissues appeared like those of controls. The present study suggests that, because the presence of volatile constituents with antioxidative properties, artichoke may be useful in combating damaging effect of lead toxicity

study of dementia in home care patients in Qatar with the psychosocial burden on caregivers

Dementia is characterized by progressive deterioration of cognitive functions. It places a burden on caregivers and on society, and has been established as one of the major challenges of the present time. A retrospective study of 350 home care patients in Qatar found 50 with dementia for which it assessed various risk factors, co-morbities and the psychosocial burden on the care givers. It was found that the two major types of dementia, Alzheimer's disease and Vascular dementia had equal occurrence amongst home care patients in Qatar, with hypertension and atherosclerosis being the major contributing factors; a family history of dementia played only a minor role. Depression was the main co-morbidity in the patients. The care givers, mostly female, showed no significant psychosocial burden

Risk for recurrent laryngeal nerve injury after thyroidectomy

This study was conducted to assess the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy [RLNP] in different types of thyroidectomy with identification of the nerve during operation and its relation to different thyroid diseases. One hundred eighty seven patients were included in this study, 69 men and 118 women, Patients classified into four groups according to the underlying disease benign thyroid disease [n=56], Graves' disease [n=21], thyroid carcinoma [n=73], and recurrent goiter [n=37]. Of recurrent group 7 had recurrent Graves' disease, 10 had thyroid cancer, and 20 had recurrent nodular goiter. Total thyroidectomy was done in 85 patients, near total in 45, subtotal thyroidectomy in 30 and lobectomy in 27 patients. Temporary and permanent RLNP rates were analyzed for patients groups, 7 patients develop RLNP postoperatively [3.74%], recovery of nerve function was documented for 6 patients [85.7%]. recovery from temporary RLNP ranged from 5 days to 2 months [mean 27 days]. Overall incidence of temporary and permanent RLNP was 3.74% and 0.53% respectively. The rates of temporary/permanent RLNP were 0.0%, 0.0% for benign thyroid disease, 4.1%, 0.0% for thyroid cancer, 4.76%, 0.0% for Graves' disease, 5.4%, 2.7% for recurrent goiter. Surgery for thyroid cancer, Graves' disease, and recurrent goiter were associated with significantly higher RLNP rates. Temporary RLN palsy rate was not affected by the type of operation, while permanent vocal cord palsy occurred in total thyroidectomy and this attributed to recurrence more than to the type of operation. Identification of the nerve during operation does not affect the rate of RLNP

Pelvic versus pelvic and aortic lymphadenectomy in management of early stage endometrial cancer

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the extent of selective lymphadenectomy [pelvic vs. pelvic and aortic] on morbidity and mortality in women with clinical stage I/IIA endometrial cancer. 27 patients with endometrial cancer who received primary surgical treatment from 1998 to 2004 were included in the study. Patients divided into two groups, first group 12 patients underwent hysterectomy, pelvic and aortic lymphadenectomy. Second groups15 patients underwent hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy only. Inclusion criteria were preoperative clinical stage I/IIA diseases. exclusion criteria included presurgical radiation, or extra uterine metastases at leparatomy. For comparison between two groups independent sample T test [unpaired T] and Pearson correlation test used. Median number of pelvic nodes removed was 13 [range 9 to 17 nodes], and median number of aortic nodes removed was 5 [range 3 to 9]. Pelvic node metastases were 18.5%. aortic lymph node metastasis was [8.33%] in aortic group. Medical adverse events observed in 13.33% of pelvic lymphadenectomy group and 20% has surgical adverse events, while 8.33% in group of pelvic and aortic lymphadenectomy has medical adverse events, and 33.33% has surgical adverse events. Mena anesthesia time was 197 m. for first group, while it is 229m. for the second group. Mean blood loss in first group was 540cc, while it is 799cc for the second group. Blood transfusion was given to two patients in first group and one unit of blood is given, while four patients in second group received blood transfusion, one of them received 2 units. Mean hospitals stay for the first group was 5 days, while it was 7 days for second group. There is no operative mortality for both groups. Aortic lymphadenectomy add to intraoperative morbidity but not increase postoperative morbidity or mortality. Because of increased operative morbidity the potential benefit of selective aortic lymphadenectomy should be weighed along with known prognostic factors and medical fitness in determining the suitability of individual patients for this procedure

Formulation and stability study of naproxen ophthalmic preparations

Naproxen was formulated in different ophthalmic preparations as drops, gels and ocuserts using cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcel-lulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. All the prepared formulae [drops, gels and ocuserts] containing the drug were subjected to the study of the release characteristics. Also, the stability of naproxen ophthalmic preparations at different conditions of storage were investigated. The obtained results revealed that, the percentage released of naproxen from the three ophthalmic dosage forms after 7 hours were found to be in the following order; Drops>ocuserts>gels. These formulations exhibited the highest physical and chemical stability up to 6 months of storage at 25°C, 35°C and 45°C, except the formulae containing methylcellulose polymer, showed the least stable formulations. The drug content in the formulae containing methylcellulose was decreased about 10% after storage at different temperatures for 6 months

Comparative study between supraomohyoid neck dissection and radical neck dissection for squamous cell carcinoma cavity

Supraomohyoid neck dissection [SOHND] has been identified as an appropriate staging procedure to provide valuable pathologic information of the neck for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. However the role of SOHND as therapeutic procedure compared with the oncologic results of radical neck dissection, remains controversial for lack of adequate data in current literature. This prospective study has been completed on 50 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity 35 male and 15 female. 25 patients who underwent SOHND with the mean age of patient 56 years ranged from 21-77 years and 25 patients who underwent RND with the mean age of patient 54 year ranged from 19-78 years. Tumor location was tongue 27 cases, floor of mouth 17 cases, gingiva 2 cases, buccal mucosa 2 cases and retromolar 2 cases. The occult metastatic rate was found to increase according to T-stage of primary tumour and had significant difference. Patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma who underwent elective SOHND and radical neck dissection [RND] between January 2002 and February 2007 Surgical Oncology Unit, Al Azhar University, were retrospectively reviewed the 2 types of treatment were analyzed for incidence of neck recurrence and survival probabilities. No significant difference were found between patients treated with SOHND versus RND. Occult metastasis rate, regional disease free survival, overall and disease free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival rates were found to be comparable. Supraomohyoid neck dissection compares favorably with RND for the staging and treatment of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

surface electrical properties of splenic lymphocytes of bilharazial and non-bilharzial subjects

The membrane surface electrical properties of spleine lymphocytes from an accident victim [control] and from Egyptian bilharzial patients were studied by electro-rotation. Phytohaemagglutenines [PHA-P and PHA-M] or pokeweed [PWM] were the mitogens used for cell stimulation. The unstimulated bilharzial lymphocytes had larger radii than those from the control probably because they were already stimulated by the disease state. After stimulation, all lymphocytes increased steadily in size and consequently in membrane are. The values for membrane capacity [C[M]] were higher for control lymphocytes than for bilharzial cells. All CM values were increased with the duration of stimulation except for the bilharzilal cells incubated with PMW, which peaked on day 1 and deteriorated very rapidly after that. The values calculated for membrane conductivity [G[M]] followed a different pattern. The C[M], levels exhibited peak values after different durations of stimulations depending on the cell type [control or bilharzial] and the mitogen used. The changes in conductivity may reflect alterations in transmembrane transfer activity